Orthodox Easter Date Calculator (Julian / Paschal Full Moon)
Orthodox Easter (*Pascha* / Πάσχα) is the chief feast of the Eastern Churches (Greek, Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Romanian and others). Its date is the first Sunday after the first *Paschal full moon* on or after the *Julian* 21 March equinox — different from the Western (Gregorian) computus used by Catholic and Protestant churches, so the two normally differ by *0, 1, 4 or 5 weeks*. Enter any year between 1583 and 4099 to look up the Orthodox Pascha date on the civil (Gregorian) calendar, the same year's Western Easter date, and the gap in days.
Enter a year between 1583 and 4099.
Orthodox Easter (Pascha)
12 April 2026
Sunday
Western Easter (Catholic / Protestant)
5 April 2026
Sunday
Orthodox falls later by
7 days (1 week)
Orthodox Easter = the first Sunday after the first *Paschal full moon* on or after the *Julian* 21 March equinox, via Meeus *Astronomical Algorithms* §8. So the headline date is displayed on the Gregorian (civil) calendar but the underlying rule is Julian — for the 21st century the gap with Western Easter is 0, 7, 28 or 35 days. Sources: Jean Meeus, *Astronomical Algorithms* (1998) §8; orthodoxcalendar.net; the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese published calendar.
Formula
Orthodox Easter (Julian, Meeus): a = year mod 4 b = year mod 7 c = year mod 19 d = (19c + 15) mod 30 e = (2a + 4b − d + 34) mod 7 m = ⌊(d + e + 114) / 31⌋ (3 = March, 4 = April, Julian) D = ((d + e + 114) mod 31) + 1 → Convert the resulting Julian Y/m/D back to the Gregorian calendar for display. The Western (Gregorian) Easter is calculated by the Butcher / Meeus formula and the two are compared to report the gap.
- · **Both traditions share the same rule: the first Sunday after the first *Paschal full moon* on or after 21 March**. Where they diverge: (a) *the equinox* — Western uses *astronomical Gregorian* 21 March, Eastern uses *Julian* 21 March, which equals *3 April Gregorian* in the 21st century; (b) *the full moon* — Western uses the *Metonic 19-year cycle with Gregorian corrections*, Eastern uses the *pure Metonic cycle*. So the Eastern date is *systematically 13 days behind (Julian vs Gregorian) plus 0–30 days of Metonic drift*. Typical 21st-century gaps: 0 days (~25 % of years), 7 days (~5 %), 28 days (~30 %), 35 days (~40 %).
- · **Eastern churches are not unanimous internally**. *Greek, Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Georgian, Jerusalem, Antiochian and Alexandrian* churches all use the algorithm in this tool. *Orthodox Church of Finland* and *Orthodox Church of Estonia* observe the *Western* Gregorian Easter (a church-council decision). *Eastern Catholic Churches* (Maronite, Melkite, etc.) follow either Western or Eastern depending on eparchy.
- · **Liturgical calendar vs civil calendar**: this tool reports the *Gregorian / civil date* (the date your phone or computer shows). Older Orthodox calendars printed in the Julian-calendar tradition (most Russian and Mt Athos editions) print *13 days earlier* in the 21st century — e.g. civil 12 April 2026 = Julian 30 March. **Russian Orthodox Christmas** is civil 7 January = Julian 25 December.
- · **Common naming confusion**: "Eastern Easter" and "Russian Easter" both refer to *the same calculated date* — the difference is not parish-by-parish but algorithm-by-algorithm. For cross-cultural communication write *"Orthodox Easter (Pascha) — Gregorian YYYY-MM-DD"* to avoid ambiguity.
- · **Unified date attempts**: the 1997 WCC Aleppo Consultation proposed both East and West switch to *astronomical equinox and full moon (IAU JPL)*. The proposal aligns East-West for the foreseeable future — effectively asking the East to drop the Julian basis — and has not been accepted by Orthodox autocephalous churches; both traditions continue to compute separately.
- · **Sources**: (1) Jean Meeus, *Astronomical Algorithms*, 2nd ed. (Willmann-Bell, 1998), §8; (2) Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America Paschalion; (3) Russian Orthodox (Moscow Patriarchate) official calendar; (4) WCC, "Towards a Common Date for Easter", Aleppo Consultation 1997 final report; (5) M. Mosshammer, *The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era* (Oxford, 2008).
Frequently asked
Why is *Orthodox Easter usually later* than Western Easter — is it a religious difference?
**It's not a doctrinal difference — it's a *calendar-rule* difference**. Both traditions use the 4th-century rule: the first Sunday after the first Paschal full moon after the spring equinox. They diverge at: (a) **the equinox** — West uses *Gregorian 21 March*; East still uses *Julian 21 March*. Julian runs 13 days behind Gregorian (21st century), so the Eastern starting line is already 13 days later. (b) **The full moon** — West applies *Gregorian corrections* to the Metonic 19-year cycle; East uses the *unmodified* Metonic table. So sometimes East lands on the *next* Metonic full moon — a full *month later* (28 days). **Result**: when both traditions identify the same astronomical full moon and the 13-day shift isn't enough to skip a moon, the gap is 0 or 7 days; when East skips to the next Metonic moon the gap becomes 28 or 35 days. **It's not *always* later**: 1997, 2014, 2025, 2031 all coincide. Can Orthodox fall *earlier*? Practically no — the starting line is West + 13 days.
I want to observe both Easters — how do I plan holidays and travel?
**(1) Look up the next 5 years first**: 2026 W 5 Apr / O 12 Apr (gap 7 days); 2027 W 28 Mar / O 2 May (gap 35); 2028 same day 16 Apr; 2029 W 1 Apr / O 8 Apr (gap 7); 2030 W 21 Apr / O 28 Apr (gap 7). **(2) Travel-planning ground rules**: (a) *Western Easter = public holiday* in Europe, the Americas, Hong Kong, Philippines, Brazil etc; *Orthodox Easter = public holiday* only in Greece, Russia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Georgia. In *0–7-day-gap* years, Greece and Russia are already back at work when the Western holiday arrives, making "both back-to-back" hard. *28–35-day-gap* years are ideal: catch Pascha in Greece in late April, then return for the regular Easter holiday in London or Paris. **(3) Food and ritual notes**: Orthodox Great Lent is *strictly vegan for 7 weeks* — no dairy, no eggs; Holy Week even drops olive oil. The midnight Pascha liturgy followed by *red eggs* and *tsoureki / kulich* bread is the signature ritual — don't book an 11 pm dinner in any Greek island, *everything closes after 9 pm* for the midnight service. **(4) Booking tips**: 35-day-gap years are the most cost-effective — flights to Greece after Western Easter hit the post-Easter trough and are typically 30 % cheaper if booked 2 months ahead.
Is the Meeus algorithm exact — does it hold up *3000 years from now*?
**For Orthodox Pascha, the Meeus algorithm is *exact* against the *official Eastern computus* — because the East defines the date *by formula* (fixed Metonic cycle + Julian calendar), not by astronomical observation**. So the algorithm will always match the official church date — even 5000 years from now. **But "is it astronomically correct?"** — no. The **Metonic cycle (19 years = 235 synodic months)**, inherited from Meton of Athens (432 BC), drifts ~2 hours per 19-year period, **~1 day per 310 years**. The **Julian calendar drifts ~1 day per 128 years against the tropical year** — already 13 days off since the Council of Nicaea (AD 325). **Result**: the original astronomical intent ("Sunday after the spring full moon") survives mostly in name; *3000 years from now* Orthodox Pascha will fall *2–3 months after* the astronomical equinox if the East still applies the same formula. The **Western Gregorian computus** drifts much more slowly (~1 day per several tens of thousands of years), but it drifts. The 1997 WCC Aleppo Consultation suggested replacing both with *astronomical computation (IAU JPL ephemeris)* — solves the drift, aligns East and West — but has not been adopted. **Bottom line**: algorithm ≡ church rule. Church rule ≠ astronomical reality. For looking up dates and planning liturgies, this tool is 100 % accurate.
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