RGB ↔ CMYK Color Converter
Enter R, G, B (0–255) to instantly get the *CMYK ink percentages* and *hex code*. Uses the *device-independent / naive* conversion (K = 1 − max(R, G, B) / 255 first), the same formula every textbook and Photoshop's "no profile" CMYK export use. For *press-accurate* output you must use ICC colour management, but this is plenty for *quick reference, ink estimation* and product mockups.
Enter R, G and B as integers between 0 and 255.
CMYK (4-colour print)
cmyk(0%, 0%, 0%, 0%)
Web colour codes (same RGB)
Heads up: screen sRGB is more saturated in blues and greens than process CMYK — vivid screen colours may print duller. For press-accurate output, use an ICC-managed workflow.
Formula
r' = R / 255, g' = G / 255, b' = B / 255 K = 1 − max(r', g', b') C = (1 − r' − K) / (1 − K) M = (1 − g' − K) / (1 − K) Y = (1 − b' − K) / (1 − K) (For pure black R = G = B = 0, K = 100 % and C = M = Y = 0 %.) Results shown as percentages.
- · **Naive formula vs ICC colour management**: this conversion *ignores paper, ink and press dot-gain* — it is the *device-independent*, idealised calculation. A production-press workflow uses *ICC profiles* (ISO Coated v2 (ECI), GRACoL, Japan Color 2011, etc.) for *gamut mapping* and will produce *different* CMYK numbers. Use this tool for *quick reference* and *design mockups*, not as a substitute for soft-proofing.
- · **Gamut gap**: the sRGB display gamut covers a *much wider range of bright blues and cyans* than process CMYK. For example #00BFFF (deep sky blue) is vivid on screen but maps to roughly cmyk(80%, 24%, 0%, 0%) and prints noticeably *darker and greyer*. If a design relies on saturated solid colours, run *soft-proofing* (Photoshop → View → Proof Colors) before final approval.
- · **Why use K (Key) at all**: K is the *black plate* — it saves CMY ink (pure black uses K instead of 100% C + 100% M + 100% Y), produces a *richer black*, and avoids registration mistakes from three-colour overprint. This tool uses *maximum-K generation*, the simplest scheme; production prepress also uses *GCR / UCR* to back off K and retain CMY detail — those decisions belong in prepress and are outside a simple formula.
- · **Unit conventions**: RGB channels are *0–255* (8-bit integers); CMYK is typically *0–100 %* ink coverage. This tool rounds to *1 decimal place*.
- · **Round-trip behaviour**: CMYK → RGB → CMYK is *essentially lossless* (each step is a deterministic ratio). RGB → CMYK → RGB introduces a *tiny ±1/255* drift because CMYK percentages round, but the visual difference is below human perception.
- · **References**: (1) Adobe "CMYK conversion" tech note (2019); (2) X-Rite ColorThink 6 primer — Gamut, ICC, GCR; (3) Murphy C. & Rondinella M., *Real World Color Management* 2nd ed. (Peachpit, 2003); (4) ISO 12647-2:2013 process control for half-tone separations and prints.
Frequently asked
My designer's Photoshop CMYK numbers differ from this tool — which is correct?
**Neither is "wrong" — they answer different questions**. **Photoshop's CMYK** uses an *ICC working space* (e.g. U.S. Web Coated SWOP v2 for North America, ISO Coated v2 (ECI) for Europe, Japan Color 2011 for Japan). These profiles include *paper white, ink density* and *dot gain (14–22 %)*, and they *gamut-map* the RGB colour to printable CMYK. So sRGB(255, 0, 0) becomes roughly cmyk(0, 95, 100, 0) under U.S. Web Coated or cmyk(0, 89, 100, 0) under Japan Color. **This tool's naive formula** ignores ICC, so sRGB(255, 0, 0) → cmyk(0, 100, 100, 0). **Practical rule**: (1) for press output use *Photoshop / InDesign with the printer's ICC profile*; (2) for ink-cost estimates, teaching or mockups this tool is fine; (3) when starting with a new printer, *ask which profile they expect* and align Photoshop to it.
Why does my bright screen blue look so dull when printed?
**Because sRGB blue is *wider* than the process CMYK gamut — the conversion is right, but the inks can't reproduce that brightness**. **Common culprits**: (1) *#0000FF (pure blue)*: in CIE Lab terms, the sRGB blue is *deeper and more violet* than the darkest blue CMYK can hit (C 100 % + M 100 %); the printed result looks *purple-black*. (2) *#00BFFF (deep sky blue)*: a classic *out-of-gamut* case — CMYK can only get to roughly 80/24/0/0 and the print looks *grey and muted*. **Fixes**: (a) switch to a *spot ink* (Pantone Process Blue C is close to deep sky blue on press); (b) *keep K = 0* so the blue stays bright; (c) lower expectations — use *soft-proofing* during design so you see the in-gamut version on screen and design within it.
Why do we need K (Key, Black) at all? Can't we just overprint C + M + Y?
**In theory yes; in practice no — three reasons**. **(1) Cost**: solid black with K = 100 % uses *one* layer of ink; C + M + Y all at 100 % uses *three*. Over a million-impression book run on web offset, the ink bill is *3×* higher. **(2) Density**: CMY overprinted at 100/100/100 makes a *muddy dark brown* (each ink has residual chroma) — measured density is about *D 1.7*; pure K (carbon black) hits *D 2.1+*, visibly darker. **(3) Registration**: a 4-colour press has *±0.1 mm registration error* per plate. Text — especially small text — printed in *K only* uses *one plate* and is immune to misregistration; the same text built from *C + M + Y* shows *coloured fringes* on the edges. **Rules of thumb**: (a) large solid backgrounds — use *"rich black"* C40 M30 Y30 K100, deeper than pure K alone; (b) small text and tables — *K only* (K 100, CMY 0); (c) photographic blacks — Photoshop decides per *GCR / UCR* settings.
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Climbing Grade Conversion Calculator (YDS / French / UIAA / V-scale / Font)
Enter a route or boulder grade in any one system; using the IFSC / UIAA / REI conversion table, simultaneously shows the equivalent in the other four common climbing grade systems.
Audio File Size (Bitrate × Duration) Calculator
Enter audio bitrate (kbps / Mbps) and duration (h / m / s); returns the resulting MP3 / AAC / WAV / FLAC file size in MB / GB, with common podcast and music encoding presets for quick reference.
Time Format Converter (Seconds ↔ HH:MM:SS)
Convert between seconds, minutes, hours and HH:MM:SS form — useful for video editing, sports timing and meeting durations.
Vertical Speed Unit Converter (m/s ↔ ft/min ↔ km/h ↔ knots)
Convert between m/s, ft/min, km/h, knots and ft/s — the five vertical-speed units used in aviation instruments, mountaineering and dive ascent-rate guidance.
Butter Unit Converter (Sticks / Grams / Tablespoons / Cups)
Baking butter conversions: enter any one quantity (sticks, grams, tablespoons or cups) and the tool returns the equivalent in the other three units.
Candy / Sugar Stage Temperature Reference Calculator
Enter syrup temperature (°C or °F) to instantly see the candy stage (thread / soft ball / firm ball / hard ball / soft crack / hard crack / light caramel / dark caramel), its full range and typical dessert use.
LED Display Pixel Pitch & Optimal Viewing Distance Calculator
Enter the LED panel pixel pitch (P-value, e.g. P2.5 / P4) plus screen width × height — get the effective resolution, pixel density and the minimum / comfortable / visual-fusion viewing distances so you size the right panel for any AV install.
Pixels Per Degree (PPD) VR / Display Calculator
Enter the horizontal / vertical pixel count and the corresponding field of view (FOV) — get the pixels-per-degree (PPD), the industry-standard metric for comparing VR headsets, monitors and TVs against the retinal-resolution benchmark (~60 PPD).
CSS Aspect Ratio Padding Calculator
Enter an aspect ratio (e.g. 16:9 or 16/9) — instantly get the padding-bottom percentage and matching CSS snippet (plus the modern aspect-ratio property), for responsive video / iframe containers.