Radiation Dose Unit Converter (Sv / Rem / Gy / Rad)
Radiation dose comes in **two** distinct quantities you must keep straight. **Absorbed dose** (unit **Gray, Gy** = J/kg) measures how much energy was deposited per kilogram of tissue. **Effective / equivalent dose** (unit **Sievert, Sv**) takes the absorbed dose, multiplies by the **radiation-weighting factor w_R** (X-rays, γ-rays, β-particles, electrons: w_R = 1; protons w_R = 2; α-particles w_R = 20; fast neutrons up to w_R = 20) and by tissue-weighting factors w_T, to estimate the *biological* impact. **Legacy US units**: 1 Sv = 100 Rem, 1 Gy = 100 Rad. **Order-of-magnitude anchors**: natural background ≈ 3 mSv/yr; a chest X-ray ≈ 0.1 mSv; a whole-body CT ≈ 10 mSv; a radiotherapy fraction ≈ 2 Gy; acute LD50 ≈ 4 Sv. This tool converts between 10 common units (Sv / mSv / µSv / Rem / mrem and Gy / mGy / µGy / Rad / mrad), and flags any cross-category conversion that quietly assumes w_R = 1.
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Same dose, every unit
Sievert (effective dose) and Gray (absorbed dose) are different physical quantities; numerically 1 Sv = 1 Gy only when the radiation-weighting factor w_R = 1 (X-rays, γ-rays, β particles, electrons).
- µSv A transpacific flight ≈ 40 µSv of cosmic-ray dose; a single dental X-ray ≈ 5 µSv.
- mSv A chest X-ray ≈ 0.1 mSv; a full-body CT ≈ 10 mSv; natural background ≈ 3 mSv/yr.
- Sv Acute large doses: 0.5 Sv first symptoms; 4 Sv LD50 untreated; 8 Sv near-100 % lethal.
- mGy A typical adult CT slice ≈ 1 mGy / slice; interventional skin-dose limit 2000 mGy.
- Gy External-beam radiotherapy: ~2 Gy per fraction, 50–80 Gy total over a course.
- mrem Am-241 in a US smoke detector contributes < 0.1 mrem/yr; natural background ≈ 300 mrem/yr.
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Formula
Absorbed dose D [Gy] = E[J] / m[kg] Equivalent dose H [Sv] = D [Gy] × w_R (ICRP-103) Effective dose E [Sv] = Σ_T w_T × H_T Unit conversions (exact): 1 Sv = 100 Rem = 1000 mSv = 10⁶ µSv 1 Gy = 100 Rad = 1000 mGy = 10⁶ µGy 1 Rem = 1 cSv (centi-sievert) 1 Rad = 1 cGy (centi-gray) Radiation-weighting factor w_R (ICRP-103, 2007): X-rays / γ / β / electrons w_R = 1 Protons w_R = 2 α particles / heavy ions w_R = 20 Neutrons (energy dependent, 1 MeV) w_R ≈ 20
- · **Sv ≠ Gy.** A 1 Gy *absorbed* dose from inhaled α-emitters gives an *equivalent* dose H = 1 × 20 = 20 Sv — about **20× more biologically harmful** than the same 1 Gy of γ-rays (H = 1 Sv). This tool assumes w_R = 1 when crossing the Gy ↔ Sv boundary, which is correct for medical X-rays, CT, dental and most background sources, but underestimates risk for α internal contamination (Po-210, Ra-226) and reactor accidents.
- · **Rad / Rem are CGS-era units, but the US medical and nuclear industries still routinely use them in 2026.** US Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations (10 CFR 20) are written in Rem: 5 Rem/yr occupational whole-body limit (= 50 mSv/yr, matching the ICRP recommendation); 100 mrem/yr public limit (= 1 mSv/yr, also matching ICRP). International standards (IAEA, EU, most of Asia) have moved fully to Sv / Gy.
- · **Natural background dose breakdown** (US average per NCRP-160): (1) **radon** (Rn-222 + progeny, accumulating in basements/closed rooms): 2.28 mSv/yr (37 %); (2) **internal** (K-40, C-14 in food/air): 0.29 mSv/yr; (3) **cosmic** (higher at altitude): 0.33 mSv/yr; (4) **terrestrial** (U, Th, K-40 in soil/rock): 0.21 mSv/yr; (5) **medical** (CT, X-ray, nuclear medicine): 3.0 mSv/yr (48 % — now the single largest source in the US); total ≈ 6.2 mSv/yr. **Regional variation matters**: Niagara Falls ≈ 2 mSv/yr; Denver ≈ 5 mSv/yr (altitude + granite); Ramsar, Iran ≈ 260 mSv/yr (the global high).
- · **Effective dose for common adult medical procedures**: (1) dental bitewing: 0.005 mSv; (2) chest X-ray (one view): 0.1 mSv; (3) mammogram: 0.4 mSv; (4) lumbar-spine X-ray: 1.5 mSv; (5) head CT: 2 mSv; (6) chest CT: 7 mSv; (7) abdomen-pelvis CT: 10 mSv; (8) whole-body CT: 10–25 mSv; (9) PET-CT: 14 mSv; (10) cardiac catheterisation: 5–15 mSv; (11) external-beam radiotherapy target volume absorbed dose: 50–80 Gy (i.e. 50–80 Sv to the tumour — intentionally so). **Pregnancy / fetal safety thresholds**: < 100 mGy no demonstrable malformation; 100–200 mGy raised miscarriage risk; > 200 mGy clear malformation risk.
- · **Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) dose ranges** (whole-body acute exposure): (1) < 0.25 Sv: no clinical signs; (2) 0.25–1 Sv: mild nausea, measurable lymphocyte drop; (3) 1–4 Sv: bone-marrow syndrome, most survive with treatment; (4) 4 Sv (LD50/60): 50 % mortality at 60 days untreated; (5) 6–10 Sv: GI syndrome, high mortality but salvageable with bone-marrow transplant; (6) > 10 Sv: CNS syndrome, near-certain death; (7) > 50 Sv: incapacitation within minutes. **Anchors**: first-wave Chernobyl firefighters averaged 6 Sv; no Fukushima worker reached 1 Sv; Hiroshima within 1 km > 5 Sv.
- · **References**: (1) ICRP Publication 103, *The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection*, Annals of the ICRP 37 (2-4); (2) NIST Special Publication 811 (2008), *Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)*; (3) NCRP Report No. 160 (2009), *Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States*; (4) IAEA Safety Standard GSR Part 3 (2014); (5) 10 CFR § 20.1201 (NRC occupational dose limits); (6) UNSCEAR 2008 Report Vol. I, Annex B (medical exposure data).
Frequently asked
What exactly is the difference between Sievert and Gray? And which is right — does 1 Sv = 1 Gy?
**They're different physical quantities.** **Gray (Gy = J/kg)** is the **absorbed dose** — pure physics, measuring joules deposited per kilogram of matter. **Sievert (Sv)** is the **effective / equivalent dose** — a biological quantity equal to absorbed dose times a weighting factor that reflects *biological harm*. **The key equation**: H [Sv] = D [Gy] × w_R, where w_R is the **radiation-weighting factor** (ICRP-103, 2007): (1) X-rays, γ, β, electrons: w_R = 1; (2) protons: w_R = 2; (3) neutrons: w_R ranges from 2.5 (0.01 MeV) to 20 (1 MeV); (4) α particles, heavy ions: w_R = 20. **So**: for diagnostic X-rays (w_R = 1), 1 Gy absorbed = 1 Sv equivalent — the two are interchangeable. But for the α-emitting isotopes released in reactor accidents (Pu-239, Ra-226, Po-210), 1 Gy absorbed = 20 Sv equivalent — a 20× factor. **In practice**: (1) if you work in *diagnostic imaging*: 1 Sv ≈ 1 Gy is a safe shortcut; (2) in *radiotherapy*: use Gy (absorbed dose is what targets the tumour); (3) in *nuclear emergencies* or *internal contamination* analysis: you must distinguish them or you will badly underestimate biological harm.
How much radiation do I get on a single flight, and is it safe for passengers and crew?
**Typical effective dose for one passenger flight**: (1) Hong Kong ↔ London (12 h, polar route): 50–80 µSv; (2) Hong Kong ↔ New York: 40–60 µSv; (3) Hong Kong ↔ Tokyo: 5–10 µSv; (4) short-haul domestic: 1–5 µSv. **In context**: 80 µSv = 0.08 mSv ≈ 10 days of natural background ≈ one chest X-ray. **Negligible for occasional travellers.** **For aircrew (pilots, flight attendants)**: 2–6 mSv accumulated annually depending on routes, altitude and solar cycle — below the ICRP-recommended 20 mSv/yr occupational limit but high enough that the ILO and EUROCONTROL classify aircrew as "occupationally exposed workers". **Mitigations**: (1) lower altitude (dose grows exponentially with altitude — 30 000 ft is about 60 % lower than 40 000 ft); (2) avoid polar / sub-polar routes (weaker geomagnetic shielding, roughly doubles the dose); (3) monitor solar particle events — during a major flare a single flight can exceed 100 µSv. **Special case: pregnant crew** are typically pulled off long-haul high-altitude routes. **For comparison**: smoking a pack a day (Po-210 in tobacco) gives ≈ 1 mSv/yr — roughly 5–10 transcontinental flights' worth.
A CT scan is 10 mSv. Does that mean it causes cancer — and if so, why do doctors still order them?
**Short answer**: 10 mSv carries roughly a **1-in-2 000 lifetime cancer-risk increment** (linear no-threshold model, ICRP / BEIR-VII estimate of about 5 % per Sv), which has to be weighed against the *certain* benefit of the diagnosis. **Detailed**: (1) **LNT model**: low-dose risk is assumed linear with dose — every mSv adds a fixed cancer risk; 10 mSv ≈ 0.05 % cancer-risk increment over a baseline ≈ 40 % lifetime cancer risk. *Caveat*: LNT below 100 mSv has no direct epidemiological proof (only extrapolation from Hiroshima/Nagasaki) but it is the *regulatory* basis. (2) **In context**: smoking half a pack a day for a year ≈ 1 mSv; living in a high-radon home ≈ 30 mSv extra lifetime; a 50-year-old man's 1-year baseline mortality ≈ 0.5 %. The 0.05 % from a CT is far smaller than the combined risk (crash + radiation + thrombosis) of an air trip. (3) **Why doctors still order CT**: the *direct benefit* — diagnosing acute stroke, appendicitis, bowel obstruction, evaluating cancer spread — saves lives; the 0.05 % cancer increment is far smaller than the harm of a missed diagnosis. (4) **Dose-reduction strategies**: (a) ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable); (b) low-dose paediatric CT protocols (iterative reconstruction, reduced mAs); (c) MRI or ultrasound where possible (no ionising radiation); (d) avoid duplicate scans (review prior imaging). **Bottom line**: this is rational risk management, not a number that should scare patients — but it is fair to ask your physician: "Do I really need a CT? Is MRI an option?"
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