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Conversion

Radiation Dose Unit Converter (Sv / Rem / Gy / Rad)

Radiation dose comes in **two** distinct quantities you must keep straight. **Absorbed dose** (unit **Gray, Gy** = J/kg) measures how much energy was deposited per kilogram of tissue. **Effective / equivalent dose** (unit **Sievert, Sv**) takes the absorbed dose, multiplies by the **radiation-weighting factor w_R** (X-rays, γ-rays, β-particles, electrons: w_R = 1; protons w_R = 2; α-particles w_R = 20; fast neutrons up to w_R = 20) and by tissue-weighting factors w_T, to estimate the *biological* impact. **Legacy US units**: 1 Sv = 100 Rem, 1 Gy = 100 Rad. **Order-of-magnitude anchors**: natural background ≈ 3 mSv/yr; a chest X-ray ≈ 0.1 mSv; a whole-body CT ≈ 10 mSv; a radiotherapy fraction ≈ 2 Gy; acute LD50 ≈ 4 Sv. This tool converts between 10 common units (Sv / mSv / µSv / Rem / mrem and Gy / mGy / µGy / Rad / mrad), and flags any cross-category conversion that quietly assumes w_R = 1.

Same dose, every unit

Sv Sievert
mSv Millisievert
µSv Microsievert
Rem Rem
mrem Millirem
Gy Gray
mGy Milligray
µGy Microgray
Rad Rad
mrad Millirad

Sievert (effective dose) and Gray (absorbed dose) are different physical quantities; numerically 1 Sv = 1 Gy only when the radiation-weighting factor w_R = 1 (X-rays, γ-rays, β particles, electrons).

  • µSv A transpacific flight ≈ 40 µSv of cosmic-ray dose; a single dental X-ray ≈ 5 µSv.
  • mSv A chest X-ray ≈ 0.1 mSv; a full-body CT ≈ 10 mSv; natural background ≈ 3 mSv/yr.
  • Sv Acute large doses: 0.5 Sv first symptoms; 4 Sv LD50 untreated; 8 Sv near-100 % lethal.
  • mGy A typical adult CT slice ≈ 1 mGy / slice; interventional skin-dose limit 2000 mGy.
  • Gy External-beam radiotherapy: ~2 Gy per fraction, 50–80 Gy total over a course.
  • mrem Am-241 in a US smoke detector contributes < 0.1 mrem/yr; natural background ≈ 300 mrem/yr.

Formula

Absorbed dose D [Gy] = E[J] / m[kg] Equivalent dose H [Sv] = D [Gy] × w_R (ICRP-103) Effective dose E [Sv] = Σ_T w_T × H_T Unit conversions (exact): 1 Sv = 100 Rem = 1000 mSv = 10⁶ µSv 1 Gy = 100 Rad = 1000 mGy = 10⁶ µGy 1 Rem = 1 cSv (centi-sievert) 1 Rad = 1 cGy (centi-gray) Radiation-weighting factor w_R (ICRP-103, 2007): X-rays / γ / β / electrons w_R = 1 Protons w_R = 2 α particles / heavy ions w_R = 20 Neutrons (energy dependent, 1 MeV) w_R ≈ 20

Frequently asked

What exactly is the difference between Sievert and Gray? And which is right — does 1 Sv = 1 Gy?

**They're different physical quantities.** **Gray (Gy = J/kg)** is the **absorbed dose** — pure physics, measuring joules deposited per kilogram of matter. **Sievert (Sv)** is the **effective / equivalent dose** — a biological quantity equal to absorbed dose times a weighting factor that reflects *biological harm*. **The key equation**: H [Sv] = D [Gy] × w_R, where w_R is the **radiation-weighting factor** (ICRP-103, 2007): (1) X-rays, γ, β, electrons: w_R = 1; (2) protons: w_R = 2; (3) neutrons: w_R ranges from 2.5 (0.01 MeV) to 20 (1 MeV); (4) α particles, heavy ions: w_R = 20. **So**: for diagnostic X-rays (w_R = 1), 1 Gy absorbed = 1 Sv equivalent — the two are interchangeable. But for the α-emitting isotopes released in reactor accidents (Pu-239, Ra-226, Po-210), 1 Gy absorbed = 20 Sv equivalent — a 20× factor. **In practice**: (1) if you work in *diagnostic imaging*: 1 Sv ≈ 1 Gy is a safe shortcut; (2) in *radiotherapy*: use Gy (absorbed dose is what targets the tumour); (3) in *nuclear emergencies* or *internal contamination* analysis: you must distinguish them or you will badly underestimate biological harm.

How much radiation do I get on a single flight, and is it safe for passengers and crew?

**Typical effective dose for one passenger flight**: (1) Hong Kong ↔ London (12 h, polar route): 50–80 µSv; (2) Hong Kong ↔ New York: 40–60 µSv; (3) Hong Kong ↔ Tokyo: 5–10 µSv; (4) short-haul domestic: 1–5 µSv. **In context**: 80 µSv = 0.08 mSv ≈ 10 days of natural background ≈ one chest X-ray. **Negligible for occasional travellers.** **For aircrew (pilots, flight attendants)**: 2–6 mSv accumulated annually depending on routes, altitude and solar cycle — below the ICRP-recommended 20 mSv/yr occupational limit but high enough that the ILO and EUROCONTROL classify aircrew as "occupationally exposed workers". **Mitigations**: (1) lower altitude (dose grows exponentially with altitude — 30 000 ft is about 60 % lower than 40 000 ft); (2) avoid polar / sub-polar routes (weaker geomagnetic shielding, roughly doubles the dose); (3) monitor solar particle events — during a major flare a single flight can exceed 100 µSv. **Special case: pregnant crew** are typically pulled off long-haul high-altitude routes. **For comparison**: smoking a pack a day (Po-210 in tobacco) gives ≈ 1 mSv/yr — roughly 5–10 transcontinental flights' worth.

A CT scan is 10 mSv. Does that mean it causes cancer — and if so, why do doctors still order them?

**Short answer**: 10 mSv carries roughly a **1-in-2 000 lifetime cancer-risk increment** (linear no-threshold model, ICRP / BEIR-VII estimate of about 5 % per Sv), which has to be weighed against the *certain* benefit of the diagnosis. **Detailed**: (1) **LNT model**: low-dose risk is assumed linear with dose — every mSv adds a fixed cancer risk; 10 mSv ≈ 0.05 % cancer-risk increment over a baseline ≈ 40 % lifetime cancer risk. *Caveat*: LNT below 100 mSv has no direct epidemiological proof (only extrapolation from Hiroshima/Nagasaki) but it is the *regulatory* basis. (2) **In context**: smoking half a pack a day for a year ≈ 1 mSv; living in a high-radon home ≈ 30 mSv extra lifetime; a 50-year-old man's 1-year baseline mortality ≈ 0.5 %. The 0.05 % from a CT is far smaller than the combined risk (crash + radiation + thrombosis) of an air trip. (3) **Why doctors still order CT**: the *direct benefit* — diagnosing acute stroke, appendicitis, bowel obstruction, evaluating cancer spread — saves lives; the 0.05 % cancer increment is far smaller than the harm of a missed diagnosis. (4) **Dose-reduction strategies**: (a) ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable); (b) low-dose paediatric CT protocols (iterative reconstruction, reduced mAs); (c) MRI or ultrasound where possible (no ionising radiation); (d) avoid duplicate scans (review prior imaging). **Bottom line**: this is rational risk management, not a number that should scare patients — but it is fair to ask your physician: "Do I really need a CT? Is MRI an option?"

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