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Finance

Price-to-Book (P/B) Ratio Calculator

Price-to-book P/B = share price ÷ book value per share (BVPS), the core value metric popularised by Benjamin Graham & David Dodd from 1934 onwards. The tool supports both per-share and aggregate inputs and benchmarks the result against industry bands.

Input mode

Common industries (tap to load)

Result

Price-to-book = price ÷ book value per share

Book value per share (used)

Industry bands per Damodaran 2024 global data. For firms with book ≤ 0, fall back to P/S or EV/EBITDA.

Formula

P/B = price per share ÷ book value per share = market cap ÷ total shareholders’ equity; BVPS = total equity ÷ diluted shares outstanding

Frequently asked

Is P/B or P/E the better valuation multiple?

They serve different jobs. P/E shows what the market pays per dollar of earnings — best for stable, profitable mature firms. P/B shows what the market pays per dollar of accounting net worth — best for asset-heavy industries (banks, insurance, real estate, shipping, steel) and for cyclicals that swing into losses but retain real asset backing. For software / SaaS, asset-light services and intangibles-dominated firms, P/B distorts heavily; prefer P/S, EV/EBITDA or PEG. Damodaran's rule of thumb: "tangible assets + lumpy earnings → P/B; intangibles + stable earnings → P/E", and always cross-check with at least two multiples.

Why do tech stocks often have P/B above 10× — is that always a bubble?

Not necessarily. GAAP / IFRS require R&D, marketing and brand-building to be expensed when incurred rather than capitalised as intangibles, so software, social platforms and luxury firms have book values that materially under-state their economic worth. A SaaS engine, user network or brand built over 10 years may not appear on the balance sheet at all. The residual-income identity says justified P/B ≈ ROE × payout ÷ (r − g), so a SaaS with ROE of 25 % can fairly trade at 5–15× P/B. These stocks do react violently to earnings disappointment (ROE drops, growth slows, rates rise) — see the 2022 tech sell-off where many names lost 50 %.

What if shareholders' equity is negative — can P/B still be calculated?

Mathematically yes (P/B becomes negative), but it loses economic meaning. Negative equity means liabilities exceed assets under accounting rules, typically due to: cumulative losses eroding equity (Boeing 2020, AIG 2009), aggressive share buybacks exceeding retained earnings (McDonald's, Starbucks at times), or large goodwill/intangible impairments. "Buyback-driven" negative equity does not necessarily signal distress — cash flow can be very healthy. "Loss-driven" negative equity is genuinely high-risk. In either case, switch to EV/EBITDA, P/S or DCF for a more reliable read.

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