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Finance

DuPont Analysis Calculator (3-Factor ROE)

The DuPont identity decomposes ROE into three independently comparable drivers so you can tell whether high returns come from profitability (net margin), operating efficiency (asset turnover) or financial leverage (equity multiplier).

Business shapes (tap to load)

Three-factor DuPont decomposition

ROE = Net income ÷ Equity

Profitability (Net Margin)

Net margin = Net income ÷ Revenue

Efficiency (Asset Turnover)

Asset turnover = Revenue ÷ Total assets

Leverage (Equity Multiplier)

Equity multiplier = Assets ÷ Equity

High ROE is not always good. If it is rising via the equity multiplier (leverage) alone, that is the classic late-cycle warning sign (e.g. banks pre-2008).

Formula

ROE = Net Margin × Asset Turnover × Equity Multiplier = (Net Income / Revenue) × (Revenue / Total Assets) × (Total Assets / Equity)

Frequently asked

Why not just use ROE directly — what does DuPont add?

Because ROE alone is just a summary score — it does not tell you *why* it is high or low. Once decomposed, you can immediately judge the source and sustainability: (1) rising net margin usually comes from pricing power, scale or cost control — typically sustainable; (2) rising asset turnover means better asset deployment (selling idle lines, clearing inventory, reducing fixed assets) — typically sustainable; (3) rising equity multiplier means more borrowing — boosts ROE directly but adds debt-service risk that surfaces in rate-rise or downturn periods. Comparing peers under DuPont reveals which firm is earning a high ROE through genuine operating excellence vs. one that is just levering up.

Should I use beginning, ending, or average assets / equity?

Theoretically, use *average* ((begin + end) ÷ 2). The numerator (net income, revenue) is a flow over the period, while the denominator on a snapshot basis would be a mismatched stock — especially when the firm did large buybacks, issuance, debt raises, M&A or divestitures during the period. The CFA Curriculum and Damodaran both recommend "flow ÷ average of stock". For annual filings use the (begin + end) ÷ 2 average; for quarterlies, a trailing 4-quarter average is common. If only ending snapshots are available (a quick screen), keep in mind that ROE in the year following a major capital action will be distorted.

Banks can have an equity multiplier of 10–30×; is that always dangerous?

Structurally high EM in banks is normal, not anomalous — banks take deposits and lend them out for an interest spread, and deposits are technically bank liabilities, so leverage is inherently large. But "structurally high" does not mean "riskless". The number that matters is the regulatory capital ratio: Basel III requires CET1 (core tier-1) ≥ 4.5 %, and with capital buffers most banks effectively need ≥ 10–13 % (G-SIBs even higher). EM ≈ 1 / CET1, so CET1 = 10 % implies EM ≈ 10×, CET1 = 5 % implies EM ≈ 20× — close to Lehman's level before the 2008 crisis. DuPont on banks must be paired with NIM (net interest margin), NPL ratio, CET1 and LCR; the EM number alone is not enough.

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