Buoyancy Force (Archimedes' Principle) Calculator

Enter any two of voltage, current, resistance, or power — the calculator solves for the other two using V = IR and P = VI.

Enter any two of distance, time and speed to get the third — with km/h, mph, m/s, km, miles, hours and minutes supported.

Compute density from mass and volume (ρ = m / V), or solve for the missing variable. Built-in reference table for 19 common substances.

Enter launch speed, angle and height to compute projectile range, peak height and flight time (no air resistance). Pick from Earth, Moon, Mars and more.

Compute the wind chill (feels-like temperature) from air temperature and wind speed using the 2001 Environment Canada / US NWS formula, with frostbite risk levels.

Compute dew point from air temperature and relative humidity using the Magnus formula — handy for HVAC, photography and weather analysis.

Compute kinetic energy KE = ½ m v² with mixed units (kg / g / lb and m/s / km/h / mph) and see the result in joules, kilojoules, food calories, foot-pounds and watt-hours.

Enter any three of initial amount, remaining amount, elapsed time and half-life to solve for the fourth — useful for radioactive decay, drug pharmacokinetics and radiometric dating.

Pick the colour bands and instantly read the resistance and tolerance — 4-band and 5-band notations supported, with Ω / kΩ / MΩ formatting and a closest E12 / E24 preferred-value check.

Enter two latitude/longitude pairs to compute the great-circle distance using the haversine formula (km, miles, nautical miles), with bearing and midpoint.

Solve any one of C₁, V₁, C₂, V₂ from the dilution equation C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ — a daily lab essential for chemistry, biology and pharmacy work.

Two 80 dB sound sources do not equal 160 dB. Enter multiple dB values to compute the combined SPL, and subtract background noise to recover the signal alone.

Enter up to 8 resistor values to see the series total (R₁ + R₂ + …) and the parallel total (1 / Σ(1/Rᵢ)) at the same time.

Convert between electromagnetic wavelength and frequency via c = λf, with the matching spectrum band (radio / microwave / visible / X-ray / γ) and photon energy.

Compute the capacity of vertical or horizontal cylindrical, rectangular and spherical tanks, including partial-fill volumes at a given liquid level.

Enter the pendulum length and local gravity to get the period, frequency and angular frequency, with Earth/Moon/Mars/Jupiter presets — and reverse-solve for the length needed to hit a target period.

Enter air temperature and relative humidity to get the apparent temperature (NOAA Rothfusz heat index) and the corresponding heat-stress risk band.

Enter speed, reaction time and road friction to estimate reaction, braking and total stopping distance.

Enter the refractive indices of two media and an angle of incidence — get the refraction angle and critical angle from Snell's law (n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂).

Enter capacitance (F, mF, µF, nF, pF) and voltage to compute the stored energy (E = ½CV²) and charge (Q = CV) on a capacitor.

Enter altitude to compute the boiling point of water (°C / °F) and local air pressure using the ICAO standard atmosphere and the Antoine equation — useful for hiking, cooking and high-altitude baking.

Solve Q = m × c × ΔT for any one of heat energy, mass, specific heat capacity or temperature change — with presets for water, aluminium, iron, copper, glass, air and more.

Convert between pH, pOH, hydrogen-ion concentration [H⁺] and hydroxide concentration [OH⁻] — with acid / neutral / alkaline classification.

Pick the unknown (P, V, n or T), enter the other three and PV = nRT is solved instantly — works in Pa / kPa / atm / bar / mmHg / psi, m³ / L / mL, mol / mmol / kmol and K / °C / °F.

Enter two point charges and the separation distance to compute the electrostatic force between them via F = kₑ·q₁·q₂/r² (attractive or repulsive).

Enter two masses and the distance between them to compute the gravitational attraction via F = G·m₁·m₂/r².

Given any two of the three quantities (object distance u, image distance v, focal length f), solve for the remaining one and the lateral magnification.

Enter the observer eye height above the surface to compute the distance to the geometric and refraction-corrected horizon.

Given any two of spring constant k, displacement x or restoring force F, solve for the third and the elastic potential energy U = ½kx².

Enter the input voltage and two series resistor values to find the divider output voltage, current and power dissipated in each resistor.

Enter the mass and radius of a celestial body (or pick Earth, Moon, Mars and other presets) to compute the minimum surface launch speed v = √(2GM/r) needed to escape its gravity.

Enter initial temperature, ambient temperature, cooling constant and elapsed time to estimate an object's temperature with T(t) = T∞ + (T₀ − T∞)·e^(−kt), plus half-cooling time and time constant.

Enter mass and radius, then linear speed, angular speed or period, and instantly read off centripetal force F = m·v²/r, centripetal acceleration, tangential speed, angular speed, period and frequency.

Enter inductance L (H) and capacitance C (F) to compute the resonant frequency f = 1 / (2π√(LC)) of an LC tank circuit, plus its period and angular frequency.

Enter the air temperature and compute the speed of sound in dry air using v = 331.3 × √(1 + T/273.15) — output in m/s, km/h, mph, ft/s plus the "count-the-seconds" thunder distance rule.

Enter fluid density, velocity, characteristic length and viscosity to compute the Reynolds number and classify the flow as laminar, transitional or turbulent.

Enter the spring constant k and displacement x to instantly compute the elastic potential energy stored in a Hookean spring via U = ½·k·x², with conversions to kJ, kcal, ft·lbf and Wh for easy comparison.

Use A = ε·c·ℓ to compute absorbance, transmittance and concentration — any three of the four inputs determines the fourth.

Compute orbital period from semi-major axis and central body mass via T² = 4π²·a³/GM, or invert to recover the semi-major axis — with presets for the Sun, Earth, Moon and Jupiter.

Enter fluid density, velocity, drag coefficient Cd and frontal area and compute the drag force from Fd = ½·ρ·v²·Cd·A — handy for cycling, automotive, ballistic and skydiving scenarios.

Compute the hydrostatic pressure P = ρ·g·h from fluid density, depth and gravity, and convert it to kPa, bar, psi, atm, mmHg and metres of water — useful for diving, aquariums and piping.

Enter pKa together with the conjugate-base [A⁻] and weak-acid [HA] concentrations and apply the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation to compute buffer pH, the buffer ratio and the effective buffering range.